Measuring beauty
Philip Ball asks whether a method of persuading people to tell the truth in subjective surveys might give us a more robust way to judge the quality of art.
Can art be assessed objectively? John Ruskin thought so in the nineteenth century, but today such views are often seen as elitist and arbitrary. The reviews of critics are typically dismissed as just 'one person's opinion', and postmodernists insist that there is no privileged position from which to make aesthetic judgements.
But what would it mean if there were indeed some way to reach a reliable view on the intrinsic value of a work of art, as a new method of data-gathering proposed by Drazen Prelec of MIT in Science this week1 (see " Truth serum could make polling more accurate" seems to imply?
In his paper, Prelec shows how his technique for introducing an incentive-based 'truth serum' to surveys that require subjective judgements might be applied to groups of experts and lay people asked to evaluate the originality of an exhibition by an artist. Both groups are best rewarded by offering an honest opinion.
Mathematical psychologist, MIT
Corrupted views
The problem with asking people what they think about art, or any other subjective question, is that whether through lack of confidence or the wish for acceptance, we tend to fall in line with what others say. "Our aesthetic judgements are corrupted by other people's judgements," Prelec says. This can suppress unusual views, or it can also encourage them, out of a reactive impulse to 'be different'. Neither response is authentic.
But if, using a method like Prelec's, we are able to ferret out people's genuine subjective truths, can they help us to find our way to a trustworthy 'interpersonal' truth: to pronounce on what is and isn't beautiful, say?
Biologist, Schumacher College in Devon, UK
"This procedure preserves an essential aspect of scientific methodology: reliable knowledge depends upon consensus between individuals who practise an agreed procedure of investigation", Goodwin says.
Cultural theorist Charles Jencks is wary of this kind of thing: he fears it is a prescription for mediocrity, whereas beauty and innovation don't usually come from a centrist consensus. Goodwin argues that consensus methodology avoids that danger, however. "Every individual has the right to disagree with the consensus, and they can change it by convincing others that their evaluation is more consistent with the evidence available."
Goodwin thinks that such procedures can boost the trust we place in our opinions. "People have very little confidence in their own evaluations", he says, "and that's a dangerous situation for society to be in."
Tide of opinion
The common view seems to be that if art appreciation were based on opinion polls, innate public conservatism would crush innovation in the same way that it condemned Impressionism in the 1870s or Stravinsky's ballet The Rite of Spring in 1913.
But new art surely does emerge from a collective view of quality, based on the opinions of both lay and 'expert' audiences. There is no reason to think that important innovations arouse universal condemnation; if they did, they would not survive.
El Greco had royal patrons; J. M. W. Turner painted successfully in a virtually abstract style in the early nineteenth century. The Impressionists always had discerning and vocal advocates (it's just that most of them weren't French). And the near-riot in Paris at the premiere of The Rite of Spring was in response to Diaghilev's challenging and non-classical choreography, not Stravinsky's music - it was drowned out by the catcalls anyway, and most reviews barely mentioned it.
The most 'iconoclastic' of today's art tends to attract the richest sponsors and the most critical acclaim, despite the public ridicule that often greets it. The idea of brave new art breaking down a wall of unrelenting opposition is largely a popular fantasy.
Applying 'science' to subjective matters has a justifiably bad press - it conjures up images of chemistry Nobel laureate and colour theorist Wilhelm Ostwald denouncing Titian for using a blue that was "two tones too high".
But Prelec is not advocating an art criticism based on some number spewed from a computer, nor from the equivalent of a public show of hands. Rather, he is suggesting a way to get a more accurate view of what both the public and the 'experts' really think.
We'd be foolish to interpret what comes out of such surveys as an indication of what one ought to think. But there is nothing like a reality check for keeping us honest. As Prelec points out, "A futurist, or an art critic, can comfortably spend a lifetime making judgments without the reality checks that confront a doctor, scientist, or business investor."
It's not a question of determining whether such judgements are 'right', but of finding a way to ensure they are made honestly rather than being the product of spineless conformity or contrarian posturing. That might even be a handy attribute to bring to the peer review process.
References
- Prelec D., Science, 306. 462 - 466 (2004).
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